Natural mortality: Its ecology, how it shapes fish life histories, and why it may be increased by fishing

Natural mortality: Its ecology, how it shapes fish life histories, and why it may be increased by fishing

How It Works and Why It Matters

This paper provides simulation practitioners and consumers with a grounding in how discrete-event simulation software works. Topics include discrete-event systems; entities, resources, control elements and operations; simulation runs; entity states; entity lists; and entity-list management. The implementation of these generic ideas in AutoMod, SLX, and Extend is described. The paper concludes w...

Judicial Independence: What It Is, How It Can Be Measured, Why It Occurs

Judicial independence is widely considered to be a foundation for the rule of law (Council of Europe 1998; United Nations 1985), and establishing judicial independence in developing and transition economies has become a major goal of donor-supported legal and judicial reform programs. This topic brief will address three questions related to judicial independence. First, what exactly does "judic...

Increased access to emergency contraception: why it may fail.

BACKGROUND To explore why increased access to emergency contraception (EC) failed to reduce pregnancies in a recent randomized controlled trial. METHODS We used multivariable logistic regression to identify risk factors for unintended pregnancy using data from a trial involving sexually active women (n = 1490, aged 14-24 years) randomly assigned to either increased access or standard access t...

Contagion : How it spreads and How it can be stopped ?

Recent events have drawn attention to the issue of contagion. Dependencies among countries, including through trade links, will cause shocks to an individual country (or group of countries) to affect other countries, often on a regional basis. Such linkages are not contagion, but an increase in cross-market linkages after a shock to one country could be contagion. Weak countries’ economic funda...